Workshop report
| 
17 Dec 2015
Workshop report |
| 17 Dec 2015
Time-lapse characterization of hydrothermal seawater and microbial interactions with basaltic tephra at Surtsey Volcano
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, California, USA
M. T. Gudmundsson
Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
W. Bach
University of Bremen, Department of Geosciences, Bremen, Germany
P. Cappelletti
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse (DiSTAR), University FEDERICO II, Naples, Italy
N. J. Coleman
Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Science, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK
M. Ivarsson
Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
K. Jónasson
Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Gardabaer, Iceland
S. L. Jørgensen
Centre for Geobiology, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Norway
V. Marteinsson
Matís, Food Safety, Environment & Genetics, Reykjavík, Iceland, Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyri, 311 Borgarnes, Iceland
J. McPhie
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
J. G. Moore
U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California, USA
D. Nielson
DOSECC Exploration Services, 2075 Pioneer Rd., Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
J. M. Rhodes
Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
C. Rispoli
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse (DiSTAR), University FEDERICO II, Naples, Italy
P. Schiffman
Department of Geology, University of California Davis, California, USA
A. Stefánsson
Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
A. Türke
University of Bremen, Department of Geosciences, Bremen, Germany
T. Vanorio
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory, Geophysics Department, Stanford, California, USA
T. B. Weisenberger
ÍSOR, Iceland GeoSurvey, Reykjavík, Iceland
J. D. L. White
Geology Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
R. Zierenberg
Department of Geology, University of California Davis, California, USA
B. Zimanowski
Institut für Geographie und Geologie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Related authors
Marie D. Jackson, Magnús T. Gudmundsson, Tobias B. Weisenberger, J. Michael Rhodes, Andri Stefánsson, Barbara I. Kleine, Peter C. Lippert, Joshua M. Marquardt, Hannah I. Reynolds, Jochem Kück, Viggó T. Marteinsson, Pauline Vannier, Wolfgang Bach, Amel Barich, Pauline Bergsten, Julia G. Bryce, Piergiulio Cappelletti, Samantha Couper, M. Florencia Fahnestock, Carolyn F. Gorny, Carla Grimaldi, Marco Groh, Ágúst Gudmundsson, Ágúst T. Gunnlaugsson, Cédric Hamlin, Thórdís Högnadóttir, Kristján Jónasson, Sigurdur S. Jónsson, Steffen L. Jørgensen, Alexandra M. Klonowski, Beau Marshall, Erica Massey, Jocelyn McPhie, James G. Moore, Einar S. Ólafsson, Solveig L. Onstad, Velveth Perez, Simon Prause, Snorri P. Snorrason, Andreas Türke, James D. L. White, and Bernd Zimanowski
Sci. Dril., 25, 35–46, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-25-35-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-25-35-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Three new cored boreholes through Surtsey volcano, an isolated island in southeastern Iceland, provide fresh insights into understanding how explosive submarine volcanism and the earliest alteration of basaltic deposits proceed in a pristine oceanic environment. The still-hot volcano was first sampled through a drill core in 1979. The time-lapse drill cores record the changing geochemical, mineralogical, microbiological, and material properties of the basalt 50 years after eruptions terminated.
Andreas Türke, Marie D. Jackson, Wolfgang Bach, Wolf-Achim Kahl, Brian Grzybowski, Beau Marshall, Magnús T. Gudmundsson, and Steffen Leth Jørgensen
Sci. Dril., 25, 57–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-25-57-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-25-57-2019, 2019
Cécile Massiot, Ludmila Adam, Eric S. Boyd, S. Craig Cary, Daniel R. Colman, Alysia Cox, Ery Hughes, Geoff Kilgour, Matteo Lelli, Domenico Liotta, Karen G. Lloyd, Tiipene Marr, David D. McNamara, Sarah D. Milicich, Craig A. Miller, Santanu Misra, Alexander R. L. Nichols, Simona Pierdominici, Shane M. Rooyakkers, Douglas R. Schmitt, Andri Stefansson, John Stix, Matthew B. Stott, Camille Thomas, Pilar Villamor, Pujun Wang, Sadiq J. Zarrouk, and the CALDERA workshop participants
Sci. Dril., 33, 67–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-33-67-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-33-67-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanoes where tectonic plates drift apart pose eruption and earthquake hazards. Underground waters are difficult to track. Underground microbial life is probably plentiful but unexplored. Scientists discussed the idea of drilling two boreholes in the Okataina Volcanic Centre, New Zealand, to unravel the connections between volcano, faults, geotherms, and the biosphere, also integrating mātauranga Māori (Indigenous knowledge) to assess hazards and manage resources and microbial ecosystems.
Matthew W. Hayward, Colin N. Whittaker, Emily M. Lane, William L. Power, Stéphane Popinet, and James D. L. White
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 617–637, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-617-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-617-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanic eruptions can produce tsunamis through multiple mechanisms. We present validation cases for a numerical method used in simulating waves caused by submarine explosions: a laboratory flume experiment and waves generated by explosions at field scale. We then demonstrate the use of the scheme for simulating analogous volcanic eruptions, illustrating the resulting wavefield. We show that this scheme models such dispersive sources more proficiently than standard tsunami models.
Eyjólfur Magnússon, Finnur Pálsson, Magnús T. Gudmundsson, Thórdís Högnadóttir, Cristian Rossi, Thorsteinn Thorsteinsson, Benedikt G. Ófeigsson, Erik Sturkell, and Tómas Jóhannesson
The Cryosphere, 15, 3731–3749, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3731-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3731-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a unique insight into the shape and development of a subglacial lake over a 7-year period, using repeated radar survey. The lake collects geothermal meltwater, which is released in semi-regular floods, often referred to as jökulhlaups. The applicability of our survey approach to monitor the water stored in the lake for a better assessment of the potential hazard of jökulhlaups is demonstrated by comparison with independent measurements of released water volume during two jökulhlaups.
Elmar Albers, Wolfgang Bach, Frieder Klein, Catriona D. Menzies, Friedrich Lucassen, and Damon A. H. Teagle
Solid Earth, 10, 907–930, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-907-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-907-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
To understand the fate of carbon in subducted oceanic sediments and crust, we studied carbonate phases in rocks from the Mariana subduction zone. These show that carbon is liberated from the downgoing plate at depths less than 20 km. Some of the carbon is subsequently trapped in minerals and likely subducts to greater depths, whereas fluids carry the other part back into the ocean. Our findings imply that shallow subduction zone processes may play an important role in the deep carbon cycle.
Marie D. Jackson, Magnús T. Gudmundsson, Tobias B. Weisenberger, J. Michael Rhodes, Andri Stefánsson, Barbara I. Kleine, Peter C. Lippert, Joshua M. Marquardt, Hannah I. Reynolds, Jochem Kück, Viggó T. Marteinsson, Pauline Vannier, Wolfgang Bach, Amel Barich, Pauline Bergsten, Julia G. Bryce, Piergiulio Cappelletti, Samantha Couper, M. Florencia Fahnestock, Carolyn F. Gorny, Carla Grimaldi, Marco Groh, Ágúst Gudmundsson, Ágúst T. Gunnlaugsson, Cédric Hamlin, Thórdís Högnadóttir, Kristján Jónasson, Sigurdur S. Jónsson, Steffen L. Jørgensen, Alexandra M. Klonowski, Beau Marshall, Erica Massey, Jocelyn McPhie, James G. Moore, Einar S. Ólafsson, Solveig L. Onstad, Velveth Perez, Simon Prause, Snorri P. Snorrason, Andreas Türke, James D. L. White, and Bernd Zimanowski
Sci. Dril., 25, 35–46, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-25-35-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-25-35-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Three new cored boreholes through Surtsey volcano, an isolated island in southeastern Iceland, provide fresh insights into understanding how explosive submarine volcanism and the earliest alteration of basaltic deposits proceed in a pristine oceanic environment. The still-hot volcano was first sampled through a drill core in 1979. The time-lapse drill cores record the changing geochemical, mineralogical, microbiological, and material properties of the basalt 50 years after eruptions terminated.
Andreas Türke, Marie D. Jackson, Wolfgang Bach, Wolf-Achim Kahl, Brian Grzybowski, Beau Marshall, Magnús T. Gudmundsson, and Steffen Leth Jørgensen
Sci. Dril., 25, 57–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-25-57-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-25-57-2019, 2019
Ernest Chi Fru, Stephanos Kilias, Magnus Ivarsson, Jayne E. Rattray, Katerina Gkika, Iain McDonald, Qian He, and Curt Broman
Solid Earth, 9, 573–598, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-573-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-573-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Banded iron formations (BIFs) are chemical sediments last seen in the marine sedimentary record ca. 600 million years ago. Here, we report on the formation mechanisms of a modern BIF analog in the Cape Vani sedimentary basin (CVSB) on Milos Island, Greece, demonstrating that rare environmental redox conditions, coupled to submarine hydrothermal activity and microbial processes, are required for these types of rocks to form in the modern marine biosphere.
Guðmundur Ó. Friðleifsson, Wilfred A. Elders, Robert A. Zierenberg, Ari Stefánsson, Andrew P. G. Fowler, Tobias B. Weisenberger, Björn S. Harðarson, and Kiflom G. Mesfin
Sci. Dril., 23, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-23-1-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-23-1-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Iceland Deep Drilling Project research well IDDP-2 at Reykjanes, Iceland, reached supercritical conditions at 4.5 km in January 2017. The bottom hole temperature was 426 °C and the fluid pressure was 34 MPa. Reykjanes is the landward extension of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in Iceland, and unique among Icelandic geothermal systems in being recharged by seawater. The setting and fluid characteristics at Reykjanes provide a geochemical analog of a mid-ocean ridge submarine black smoker system.
Dennis L. Nielson, Chris Delahunty, John W. Goodge, and Jeffery P. Severinghaus
Sci. Dril., 22, 29–33, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-22-29-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-22-29-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The North American Testing (NAT) was designed to test critical functions of a Rapid Access Ice Drill (RAID) at a site in northern Utah. The RAID was designed to rapidly drill in Antarctica through over 2500 m of ice and then take a core sample of the bedrock. The system has many innovative features that required field testing before the system was shipped to Antarcitca. The NAT facility consisted of a borehole where we froze a column of ice to test drilling and fluid circulation functions.
Wolf-Achim Kahl, Christian Hansen, and Wolfgang Bach
Solid Earth, 7, 651–658, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-651-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-651-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A new flow-through reaction cell consisting of an X-ray transparent semicrystalline thermoplastic has been developed for percolation experiments. Core holder, tubing and all confining parts are designed of PEEK (polyetheretherketone) to allow concomitant surveillance of the reaction progress by X-ray microtomography. The reaction progress of the flow-through experiment can be monitored without dismantling the sample from the core holder.
V. Marteinsson, A. Klonowski, E. Reynisson, P. Vannier, B. D. Sigurdsson, and M. Ólafsson
Biogeosciences, 12, 1191–1203, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1191-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1191-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Colonization of life on Surtsey has been observed systematically since the formation of the island. Microbial colonization and the influence of associate vegetation and birds on viable counts of environmental bacteria at the surface of the Surtsey was explored for the first time in diverse surface soils. Also, hot subsurface samples deep in the centre of this volcanic island were collected. Both uncultivated bacteria and archaea were found in the subsurface samples collected below 145 m.
W. A. Elders, D. Nielson, P. Schiffman, and A. Schriener Jr.
Sci. Dril., 18, 35–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-18-35-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-18-35-2014, 2014
K. Edwards, W. Bach, A. Klaus, and the IODP Expedition 336 Scientific Party
Sci. Dril., 17, 13–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-17-13-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-17-13-2014, 2014
Cited articles
Baldursson, S. and Ingadóttir, Á.: Nomination of Surtsey for the UNESCO World Heritage List. Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Reykjavik, 2007.
Brandon, C., Hohlfelder, R. H., Jackson, M. D., and Oleson, J. P.: Building for Eternity: the History and Technology of Roman Concrete Engineering in the Sea, Oxbow Books, Oxford, 327 pp., 2014.
Büttner, R., Dellino, P., La Volpe, L., Lorenz, V., and Zimanowski, B.: Thermohydraulic explosions in phreatomagmatic eruptions as evidenced by the comparison between pyroclasts and products from Molten Fuel Coolant Interaction experiments, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 107, 2277, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000511, 2002.
Cappelletti, P., Rapisardo, G., de Gennaro, B., Colella, A., Langella, A., Graziano, S. F., Bish, D. L., and de Gennaro, M.: Immobilization of Cs and Sr in aluminosilicate matrices derived from natural zeolites, J. Nucl. Materials, 414, 451–457, 2011.
Coleman, N. J., Li, Q., and Raza, A.: Synthesis, structure and performance of calcium silicate ion exchangers from recycled container glass, Physicochem. Probl. Mi., 50, 5–16, 2014.
Edwards, K. J., Wheat , C. G., Orcutt, B. N., Hulme, S., Becker, K., Jannasch, H., Haddad, A., Pettigrew, T., Rhinehart, W., Grigar, K., Bach, W., Kirkwood, W., and Klaus, A.: Design and deployment of borehole observatories and experiments during IODP Expedition 336, Mid-Atlantic Ridge flank at North Pond, in: Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, edited by: Edwards, K. J., Bach, W., and Klaus, A., 336, Integrated Ocan Drilling Program Management International, Inc., Tokyo, 2012.
Fisher, A. T., Wheat, C. G., Becker, K., Cowen, J., Orcutt, B., Hulme, S., Inderbitzen, K., Turner, A., Pettigrew, T. L., Davis, E. E., Jannasch, H., Grigar, K., Adudell, R., Meldrum, R., Macdonald, R., and Edwards, K. J.: Design, deployment, and status of borehole observatory systems used for single-hole and cross-hole experiments, IODP Expedition 327, eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge, in: Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, edited by: Fisher, A. T., Tsuji, T., and Petronotis, K., 327, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc., Tokyo, 2011.
Furnes, H., Banerjee, N. R., Staudigel, H., Muehlenbachs, K., McLoughlin, N., de Wit, M., and Van Kranendonk, M.: Comparing petrographic signatures of bioalteration in recent to Mesoarchean pillow lavas: Tracing subsurface life in oceanic igneous rocks, Precambrian Res., 158, 156–176, 2007.
Gaucher, E. C. and Blanc, P.: Cement/clay interactions - A review: Experiments, natural analogues, and modeling, Waste Manage., 26, 776–788, 2006.
Jackson, M. D.: New proposed drilling at Surtsey Volcano, Iceland, Eos Trans, American Geophysical Union, 95, 488, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014EO510006, 2014.
Jackson, M. D., Chae, S. R., Mulcahy, S. R., Meral, C., Taylor, R., Li, P., Emwas, A.-H., Moon, J., Yoon, S., Vola, G., Wenk, H.-R., and Monteiro, P. J. M.: Unlocking the secrets of Al-tobermorite in Roman seawater concrete, Am. Mineral., 98, 1669–1687, 2013a.
Jackson, M. D., Moon, J., Gotti, E., Taylor, R., Chae, S. R., Kunz, M., Emwas, A.-H., Meral, C., Guttmann, P., Levitz, P., Wenk, H.-R., and Monteiro, P. J. M.: Material and elastic properties of Al-tobermorite in ancient Roman seawater concrete, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 96, 2598–2606, 2013b.
Jakobsson, S. P. and Moore, J. G.: Hydrothermal minerals and alteration rates at Surtsey volcano, Iceland, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 97, 648–659, 1986.
Jakobsson, S. P. and Moore, J. G.: The Surtsey Research Drilling Project of 1979, Surtsey Res., 9, 76–93, 1992.
Jakobsson, S. P., Jónasson, K., and Sigurdsson, I. A.: The three igneous rock series of Iceland, Jökull, 58, 117–138, 2008.
Jakobsson, S. P., Thors, K., Vésteinsson, Á. T., and Ásbjörnsdóttir, L.: Some aspects of the seafloor morphology at Surtsey volcano: the new multibeam bathymetric survey of 2007, Surtsey Res., 12, 9–20, 2009.
Jakobsson, S. P., Moore, J. G., and Thorseth, I. H.: Palagonitization and lithification of Surtsey tephra, Proceedings of the Surtsey 50th Anniversary Conference, 12–15 August 2013, 2013.
Jarosch, A. H., Gudmundsson, M. T., Högnadóttir, T., and Axelsson, G.: The progressive cooling of the hyaloclastite ridge at Gjálp, Iceland, 1996–2005, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 170, 218–229, 2008.
Komarneni, S.: Phillipsite in Cs Decontamination and Immobilization, Clays Clay Miner., 33, 145–151, 1985.
Komarneni, S. and Roy, D.: Tobermorites: A new family of cation exchangers, Science, 221, 647–648, 1983.
Livingstone, A.: Reyerite, tobermorite, calcian analcime and bytownite from amygdules in Skye basalt, Mineralogical Magazine, 52, 711–713, 1988.
Marteinsson, V., Klonowski, A., Reynisson, E., Vannier, P., Sigurdsson, B. D., and Ólafsson, M.: Microbial colonization in diverse surface soil types in Surtsey and diversity analysis of its subsurface microbiota, Biogeosciences, 12, 1191–1203, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1191-2015, 2015.
Moore, J. G.: Structure and eruptive mechanisms at Surtsey Volcano, Iceland, Geological Magazine, 122, 649–661, 1985.
Moore, J. G., Jakobsson, S. P., and Holmjarn, J.: Subsidence of Surtsey volcano, 1967–1991, Bull. Volcanol., 55, 17–24, 1992.
Olafsson, M. and Jakobsson, S. P., Chemical composition of hydrothermal water and water-rock interactions on Surtsey volcanic island: A preliminary report, Surtsey Res., 12, 29–38, 2009.
Orcutt, B. N., Sylvan, J. B., Knab, N. J., and Edwards, K. J.: Microbial ecology of the dark ccean above, at, and below the seafloor, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. R., 75, 361–422, 2011.
Pauly, B. D., Schiffman, P., Zierenberg, R. A., and Clague, D. A.: Environmental and chemical controls on palagonitization, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 12, 1–26, 2011.
Santelli, C. M., Orcutt, B. N., Banning, E., Bach, W., Moyer, C. L., Sogin, M. L., Staudigel, H., and Edwards, K. J.: Abundance and diversity of microbial life in ocean crust, Nature, 453, 653–656, 2008.
Schipper, C. I., White, J. D. L., Houghton, B. F., Shimizu, N., and Stewart, R. B.: Explosive submarine eruptions driven by volatile-coupled degassing at Lo`ihi Seamount, Hawai`i, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 295, 497–510, 2010.
Schipper, C. I., Jakobsson, S. P., White, J. D. L., Palin, J. M., and Bush-Marcinowski, T.: The Surtsey Magma Series, Scientific Reports, 5, 11498, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11498, 2015.
Spang, A., Saw, J. H., Jørgensen, S. L., Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka, K., Martijn, J., Lind, A. E., van Eijk, R., Schleper, C., Guy, L., and Ettema, T. G. G.: Complex archaea that bridge the gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Nature, 521, 173–179, 2015.
Stefansson, V., Axelsson, G., Sigurdsson, O., Gudmundsson, G., and Steingrimsson, B.: Thermal condition of Surtsey, J. Geodyn., 4, 91–106, 1985.
Stroncik, N. and Schmincke H.-U.: Palagonite – a review, Int. J. Earth Sci., 91, 680–697, 2002.
Thórarinsson, S.: Surtsey. The New Island in the North Atlantic, The Viking Press, New York, 1967.
Thórarinsson, S.: Sídustu thaettir Eyjaelda (English summary: The last phases of the Surtsey eruption), Náttúrufraedingurinn, 38, 113–135, 1969.
Thorsteinsson, T. and Gudmundsson, M. T.: Gravity model studies of the volcanic island Surtsey, Iceland, Jökull, 47, 89–96, 1999.
Thorseth, I. H., Torsvik, T., Torsvik, V., Daae, F. L., and Pedersen, R. B.: Diversity of life in ocean floor basalt, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 194, 31–37, 2001.
Toner, B. M., Lesniewski, R. A., Marlow, J. J., Briscoe, L. J., Santelli, C. M., Bach, W., Orcutt, B. N., and Edwards, K. J.: Mineralogy drives bacterial biogeography of hydrothermally inactive seafloor sulfide deposits, Geomicrobiol. J., 30, 313–326, 2013.
Trønnes, R. G.: Geology and geodynamics of Iceland, Nordic Volcanological Institute, University of Iceland, 1–19, 2002.
Trotignon, L., Devallois, V., Peycelon, H., Tiffreau, C., and Bourbon, X.: Predicting the Long Term Durability of Concrete Engineered Barriers in a Geological Repository for Radioactive Waste, Phys. Chem. Earth, Parts A/B/C, 32, 259–274, 2007.
Vanorio, T. and Kanitpanyacharoen, W.: Rock physics of fibrous rocks akin to Roman concrete explains uplifts at Campi Flegrei Caldera, Science, 349, 6248, 617–621, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab1292, 2015.
Walton, A. W.: Microtubules in basalt glass from Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project #2 phase 1 core and Hilina slope, Hawaii: evidence of the occurrence and behavior of endolithic microorganisms, Geobiology, 6, 351–364, 2008.
White, J. D. L. and Houghton, B. F.: Surtseyan and related eruptions, in: Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, edited by: Sigurdsson, H., Houghton, B., McNutt, S., Rymer, H., and Stix, J., Academic Press, New York, 495–512, 2000.
Short summary
A new drilling program at Surtsey Volcano, a 50-year-old oceanic island and UNESCO World Heritage site in Iceland, will undertake interdisciplinary investigations of rift zone volcanism, dynamic hydrothermal mineral assemblages in basaltic tephra, and subterrestrial microbial colonization and succession in altered tephra and hydrothermal fluids. Long-term monitoring of evolving hydrothermal and biological processes will occur through installation of a 200m deep Surtsey subsurface observatory.
A new drilling program at Surtsey Volcano, a 50-year-old oceanic island and UNESCO World...
