Bogotá-A., R. G., Groot, M. H. M., Hooghiemstra, H., Lourens, L. J., Van der Linden, M., and Berrío, J. C.: Rapid climate change from north Andean Lake Fúquene pollen records driven by obliquity: implications for a basin-wide biostratigraphic zonation, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 3321–3337, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.08.003, 2011.
Bogotá-A, R. G., Hooghiemstra, H., and Berrio, J.-C.: North Andean
environmental and climatic change at orbital to submillennial time-scales:
vegetation, waterlevels and sedimentary regimes from lake Fúquene from
284 to 130 ka, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 226, 91–107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.09.007, 2015.
Boschman, L. M.: Andean mountain building since the Late Cretaceous: a
paleoelevation reconstruction, Earth-Sci. Rev., 220, 103640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103640, 2021.
Chacón-Moreno, E., Rodriguez-Morales, M., Paredes, D., Suárez del
Moral, P., and Albarrán, A.: Impacts of global change on the spatial
dynamics of treeline in Venezuelan Andes, Front. Ecol. Evol., 9, 615223,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.615223, 2021.
Dansgaard, W., Johnson, S. J., Møller, J., and Langway Jr., C. C.: One
thousand centuries of climate record from Camp Century on the Greenland ice
sheet, Science, 166, 377–380, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.166.3903.377, 1969.
Dansgaard, W., Clausen, H. B., Gundestrup, N., Hammer, C. U., Johnsen, S. F., Kristinsdottir, P. M., and Reeh, N.: A new Greenland deep ice core, Science,
218, 1273–1277, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.218.4579.1273, 1982.
De Beaulieu, J. L. and Reille, M.: A long Upper Pleistocene pollen record from Les Echets, near Lyon, France, Boreas, 13, 111–132, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1984.tb00066.x, 1984.
Emiliani, C.: Temperature and age analysis of deep-sea cores, Science, 1235,
383–385, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.125.3244.383, 1957.
Emiliani, C.: Isotopic paleotemperatures, Science, 154, 851–857, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.154.3751.851, 1966.
Emiliani, C.: Pleistocene paleotemperatures, Science, 168, 822–825, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.168.3933.822, 1970.
Flantua, S. G. A.: Inventory of modern and paleo-records of pollen in Latin America, Latin America Pollen Database,
https://www.latinamericapollendb.com/, last access: 2 February 2022.
Flantua, S. G. A. and Hooghiemstra, H.: Historical connectivity and mountain
biodiversity, in: Mountains, climate and biodiversity, edited by: Hoorn, C., Perrigo, A., and Antonelli, A., Wiley, UK, 171–185, ISBN 9781119159896, 2018.
Flantua, S. G. A., Hooghiemstra, H., Van Boxel, J. H., Cabrera, M.,
González-Carranza, Z., and González-Arango, C.: Connectivity
dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum in the northern Andes; a
pollen-driven framework to assess potential migration, in: Paleobotany and Biogeography: A Festschrift for Alan Graham in His 80th Year, edited by: Stevens, W. D., Montiel, O. M., and Raven, P. H., Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, 98–123, ISBN 978-0-915279-97-5, 2014.
Flantua, S. G. A., Hooghiemstra, H., Grimm, E. C., Behling, H., Bush, M. B.,
González-Arango, C., Gosling, W., Ledru, M.-P., Lozano-García, S.,
Maldonado, A., Prieto, A., Rull, V., and Van Boxel, J. H.: Updated site
compilation of the Latin American Pollen Database; challenging new research,
Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 223, 104–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.09.008, 2015.
Flantua, S. G. A., O'Dea, A., Onstein, R., Giraldo, C., and Hooghiemstra, H.:
The flickering connectivity system of the north Andean páramos, J.
Biogeogr., 46, 1808–1825, https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13607, 2019.
Flenley, J. F.: Andean guide to Pliocene-Quaternary climate, Nature, 311,
702–703, https://doi.org/10.1038/311702b0, 1984.
Flenley, J. R.: A long land-based core, J. Biogeogr., 12, 192–194,
https://doi.org/10.2307/2844844, 1985.
Florschütz, F., Menéndez Amor, J., and Wijmstra, T.A.: Palynology of
a thick Quaternary succession in southern Spain, Palaeogeogr.
Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 10, 233–264, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(71)90049-6, 1971.
France, I., Duller, A. W. G., Duller, G. A. T., and Lamb, H. F.: A new approach to automated pollen analysis, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 537–546, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00021-9, 2000.
Gibbard, P. L., Head, M. J., and Walker, M. J. C.: Formal ratification of the
Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at
2.58 Ma, J. Quat. Sci., 25, 96–102, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1338, 2010.
Giraldo, C., Flantua, S. G. A., and Hooghiemstra, H.: Sky Islands: A time travel of the Andes Mountains, figshare [video],
https://figshare.com/articles/Appendix_6_Visualization_of_the_flickering_connectivity_system_in_the_Northern_Andes/7408643, last access: 2 February 2022.
González-Carranza, Z., Hooghiemstra, H., and Vélez, M. I.: Major
altitudinal shifts in Andean vegetation on the Amazonian flank show
temporary loss of biota in the Holocene, Holocene, 22, 1227–1241, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683612451183, 2012.
Groot, M. H. M., Bogotá, R. G., Lourens, L. J., Hooghiemstra, H., Vriend, M., Berrio, J. C., Tuenter, E., Van der Plicht, J., Van Geel, B., Ziegler, M., Weber, S. L., Betancourt, A., Contreras, L., Gaviria, S., Giraldo, C., González, N., Jansen, J. H. F., Konert, M., Ortega, D., Rangel, O., Sarmiento, G., Vandenberghe, J., Van der Hammen, T., Van der Linden, M., and Westerhoff, W.: Ultra-high resolution pollen record from the northern Andes reveals rapid shifts in montane climates within the last two glacial cycles, Clim. Past, 7, 299–316, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-299-2011, 2011.
Groot, M. H. M., Hooghiemstra, H., Berrio, J.-C., and Giraldo, C.: North
Andean environmental and climatic change at orbital to submillennial
time-scales: vegetation, water-levels, and sedimentary regimes from Lake
Fúquene during 130–27 ka, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 197, 186–204,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2013.04.005, 2013.
Groot, M. H. M., Van der Plicht, J., Hooghiemstra, H., Lourens, L. J., and Rowe, H. D.: Age modelling for Pleistocene lake sediments: a comparison of methods from the Andean Fúquene Basin (Colombia) case study, Quat. Geochron., 22, 144–154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2014.01.002, 2014.
Hooghiemstra, H.: Vegetational and climatic history of the high plain of Bogotá, Colombia, Doctoral dissertation, University of Amsterdam, Dissertationes Botanicae, 79, 1–368, Cramer, Vaduz, ISBN 3-7682-1404-4, 1984.
Hooghiemstra, H. and Flantua, S. G. A.: Colombia in Quaternary: an overview
of environmental and climatic change, in: The
Geology of Colombia Book, edited by: Gómez-Tapias, J., Servicio Geológico Colombiano, vol. 4, 43–104, https://doi.org/10.32685/pub.esp.38.2019, 2019.
Hooghiemstra, H. and Hoek, W. Z.: Waldo Heliodoor Zagwijn (1928–2018): the instigator and architect of European chronostratigraphy, Neth. J. Geosci., 98, e7, https://doi.org/10.1017/njg.2019.9, 2019.
Hooghiemstra, H. and Van der Hammen, T.: Quaternary ice-age dynamics in the
Colombian Andes: developing an understanding of our legacy, Phil. Trans.
Roy. Soc. London B, 359, 173–181, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1420,
2004.
Hooghiemstra, H., Mélice, J. L., Berger, A., and Shackleton, N. J.: Frequency spectra and paleoclimatic variability of the high-resolution 30–1450 ka Funza I pollen record (Eastern Cordillera, Colombia), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 12, 141–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(93)90013-C, 1993.
Hooghiemstra, H., Wijninga, V. M., and Cleef, A. M.: The paleobotanical record of Colombia: implications for biogeography and biodiversity, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 93, 297–324, https://doi.org/10.3417/0026-6493(2006)93[297:TPROCI]2.0.CO;2, 2006.
Hoorn, C., Wesselingh, F. P., Ter Steege, H., Bermudez, M. A., Mora, A., Sevink, J., Sanmartín, I., Sanchez-Meseguer, A., Anderson, C. L., Figueiredo, J. P., Jaramillo, C., Riff, D., Negri, F. R., Hooghiemstra, H., Lundberg, J., Stadler, T., Särkinen, T., and Antonelli, A.: Amazonia through time: Andean uplift
, climate change, landscape evolution, and biodiversity, Science, 330, 927–931, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1194585, 2010.
Kukla, G.: Long continental records of climate; an introduction,
Paleogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 72, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(89)90128-4, 1989.
Libby, W. F., Andersen, E. C., and Arnold, J. R.: Age determination by
radiocarbon content: world wide assay of natural radiocarbon, Science, 109,
227–228, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.109.2827.227, 1949.
Lisiecki, L. E. and Raymo, M. E.: A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally
distributed benthic
∂18O records, Paleoceanogr., 20, PA1003,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001071, 2005.
Mommersteeg, H.: Vegetation development and cyclic and abrupt climatic change during the late Quaternary, Doctoral dissertation, University of Amsterdam, 191 pp., ISBN 90-9011649-4, 1998.
PAGES: Continental drilling for paleoclimatic records. Recommendations from
an international workshop, edited by: Colman, S. M., Workshop Continenal Drilling for Paleoclimatic Recods, 30 June–2 July 1995, GeoForschungsZentrum, Postdam, Germany, Series 1996-4, 104 pp., 1996.
Pons, A. and Reille, M.: The Holocene and upper Pleistocene pollen record
from Padul (Granada, Spain): a new study, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol.
Palaeoecol., 66, 243–249, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(88)90202-7, 1988.
Restrepo-Moreno, S. A., Foster, D. A., Bernet, M., Min, K., and Noriega, S.:
Morphotectonic and orogenic development of the Northern Andes of Colombia: a
low-temperature thermochronology perspective, in: Geology and tectonics of northwestern South America, edited by: Cediel, R. and Shaw, R. P., Springer,
Frontiers in Earth Sciences, 749–832, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76132-9_11, 2019.
Sarmiento, G., Gaviria, S., Hooghiemstra, H., Berrio, J.-C., and Van der Hammen, T.: Landscape evolution and origin of Lake Fúquene (Colombia):
tectonics, erosion and sedimentation processes during the Pleistocene,
Geomorph., 100, 563–575, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.02.006, 2008.
Shackleton, N. J.: Oxygen isotopes, ice volume and sea level, Quat. Sci.Rev.,
6, 183–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(84)90085-1, 1987.
Tiedeman, R., Sarnthein, M., and Shackleton, N. J.: Astronomic timescale for
the Pliocene Atlantic
∂18O and dust flux records of Ocean Drilling Program site 659, Paleoceanogr., 9, 619–638, https://doi.org/10.1029/94PA00208, 1994.
Torres, T., Valle, M., Ortiz, J. E., Soler, V., Araujo, R., Rivas, M. R.,
Delgado, A., Julià, R., and Sánchez-Palencia, Y.: 800 ka of
Palaeoenvironmental changes in the southwestern Mediterranean realm, J.
Iberian Geol., 46, 117–144, 2020.
Torres, V., Vandenberghe, J., and Hooghiemstra, H.: An environmental reconstruction of the sediment infill of the Bogotá basin (Colombia) during the last 3 million years from abiotic and biotic proxies, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 226, 127–148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.05.005, 2005.
Torres, V., Hooghiemstra, H., Lourens, L. J., and Tzedakis, P. C.:
Astronomical tuning of long pollen records reveals the dynamic history of
montane biomes and lake levels in the tropical high Andes during the
Quaternary, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 63, 59–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.004, 2013.
Torres Torres, V.: Pliocene-Pleistocene evolution of flora, vegetation and climate: a palynological and sedimentological study of a 586-m core from the Bogotá basin, Colombia, Doctoral dissertation, University of Amsterdam, 181 pp., ISBN 90-76894-64-7, 2006.
Tzedakis, P. C., De Beaulieu, J.-L., Crowhurst, S., Follieri, M.,
Hooghiemstra, H., Magri, D., Reille, M., Shackleton, N. J., and Wijmstra,
T. A.: Comparison of terrestrial and marine records of changing climate of
the last 500 000 years, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 150, 171–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00078-2, 1997.
Tzedakis, P. C., Andrieu, V., De Beaulieu, J.-L., Birks, H. J. B., Crowhurst,
S., Follieri, M., Hooghiemstra, H., Magri, D., Reille, M., Sadori, L.,
Shackleton, N. J., and Wijmstra, T. A.: Establishing a terrestrial
chronological framework as a basis for biostratigraphical comparisons. Quaternary Sci. Rev., 20, 1583–1592, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00025-7,
2001.
Tzedakis, P. C., Hooghiemstra, H., and Palike, H.: The last 1.35 milion years
at Tenaghi Philippon: revised chronostratigraphy and long-term vegetation
trends, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 3416–3430, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.09.002, 2006.
Van der Hammen, T.: Climate and vegetational succession in the equatorial
Andes of Colombia, in: Geo-ecology of the mountainous
regions of the tropical Americas, edited by: Troll, C., Coll. Geogr., 9, 187–194, 1968.
Van der Hammen, T.: The Pleistocene changes of vegetation and climate in the
Northern Andes, in: The glaciation of the Ecuadorian Andes, edtied by: Hastenrath, S., Balkema, Rotterdam, 125–145, ISBN 90-6191-038-2, 1981.
Van der Hammen, T.: Plan ambiental de la cuenca alta del Río Bogotá, Corpocación Autónoma Regional (CAR) de Cundinamarca, Bogotá, 142 pp.,
http://sie.car.gov.co/bitstream/handle/20.500.11786/33796/28263.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
(last access: 4 February 2022), 1998.
Van der Hammen, T. and Hooghiemstra, H.: Interglacial-glacial Fúquene-3 pollen record from Colombia: an Eemian to Holocene climate record, Glob. Planet. Change, 36, 181–199, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00184-4, 2003.
Van der Hammen, T., Wijmstra, T. A., and Zagwijn, W. H.: The floral record of
the late Cenozoic of Europe, in: Late Cenozoic glacial ages, edited by: Turekian, K. K., Yale Univ. Press, 391–424, ISBN 0-300-01420-1, 1971.
Van der Hammen, T., Werner, J. H., and Van Dommelen, H.: Palynological record of the upheaval of the Northern Andes; a study of the Pliocene and Lower Quaternary of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera and the early evolution of its high-Andean biota, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 16, 1–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(73)90031-6, 1973.
Van Geel, B. and Van der Hammen, T.: Upper Quaternary vegetational and climatic sequence of the Fúquene area (Eastern Cordillera, Colombia), Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 14, 9–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(73)90064-3, 1973.
Vriend, M., Groot, M. H. M., Hooghiemstra, H., Bogotá-Angel, R. G., and
Berrio, J. C.: Changing depositional environments in the Colombian
Fúquene Basin at submillennial time-scales during 284–27 ka from unmixed grain-siz
e distributions and aquatic pollen, Neth. J. Geosci., 91, 199–214, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016774600001591, 2012.
Wijmstra, T. A.: Palynology of the first 30 metres of a 120 m deep section
in Northern Greece, Acta Bot. Neerl., 18, 511–527, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1969.tb00591.x, 1969.
Wijninga, V. M.: Neogene ecology of the Salto de Tequendama site (2475 m alt. Cordillera Oriental, Colombia): the paleobotanical record of montane and lowland forests, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 92, 97–156, 1996.
Williams, J. W., Grimm, E. C., Blois, J. L., Charles, D. F., Davis, E. B., Goring, S. J., Graham, R. W., Smith, A. J., Anderson, M., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Ashworth, A. C., Betancourt, J. L., Bills, B. W., Booth, R. K., Buckland, P. I., Curry, B. B., Giesecke, T., Jackson, S. T., Latorre, C., Nichols, J., Purdum, T., Roth, R. E., Stryker, M., and Takahara, H.: The Neotoma Paleoecology Database, a multiproxy, international, community-curated data resource, Quaternary Res., 89, 156–177, https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2017.105, 2018.
Woillard, G. M.: Grande Pile peat bog: a continuous pollen record for the last 140 000 years, Quaternary Res., 12, 152–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(78)90079-0, 1978.
Zagwijn, W. H.: Aspects of the Pliocene and early Pleistocene vegetation of
the Netherlands, Meded. Geol. Stichting, Serie C-III-1(5), 1–78, 1960.
Zagwijn, W. H.: The beginning of the ice age in Europe and its major
subdivisions, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 11, 583–591, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(92)90015-Z, 1992.
