Workshop white paper
| 
26 Oct 2023
Workshop white paper |
| 26 Oct 2023
| 26 Oct 2023
Deep-time Arctic climate archives: high-resolution coring of Svalbard's sedimentary record – SVALCLIME, a workshop report
Department of Arctic Geology, The University Centre in Svalbard, P.O. Box 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
Denise Kulhanek
Institute of Geosciences, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Straße 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
Morgan T. Jones
Centre for Planetary Habitability (PHAB), University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1028 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
Aleksandra Smyrak-Sikora
Department of Arctic Geology, The University Centre in Svalbard, P.O. Box 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
Sverre Planke
Centre for Planetary Habitability (PHAB), University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1028 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research AS (VBPR), Blinderveien 5, 0361 Oslo, Norway
Valentin Zuchuat
Geological Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Wüllnerstraße 2, 52062 Aachen, Germany
William J. Foster
Institute for Geology, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Sten-Andreas Grundvåg
Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
Henning Lorenz
Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
Micha Ruhl
Department of Geology and SFI Research Centre in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
Kasia K. Sliwinska
Geo-energy and Storage, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
Madeleine L. Vickers
Centre for Planetary Habitability (PHAB), University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1028 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
School of Earth Sciences and SFI Research Centre in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, Ireland
Related authors
Rafael Kenji Horota, Christian Haug Eide, Kim Senger, Marius Opsanger Jonassen, and Marie Annette Vander Kloet
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2248, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2248, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We explored how virtual tools can help students prepare for and reflect on outdoor learning in the Arctic. Using surveys from university courses in Svalbard, we found that digital field visits helped students feel more confident, better understand the landscape, and learn more effectively. These tools do not replace real fieldwork but make it more accessible and inclusive. Our research shows how technology can support hands-on learning in remote environments.
Aleksandra Smyrak-Sikora, Peter Betlem, Victoria S. Engelschiøn, William J. Foster, Sten-Andreas Grundvåg, Mads E. Jelby, Morgan T. Jones, Grace E. Shephard, Kasia K. Śliwińska, Madeleine L Vickers, Valentin Zuchuat, Lars Eivind Augland, Jan Inge Faleide, Jennifer M. Galloway, William Helland-Hansen, Maria A. Jensen, Erik P. Johannessen, Maayke Koevoets, Denise Kulhanek, Gareth S. Lord, Tereza Mosociova, Snorre Olaussen, Sverre Planke, Gregory D. Price, Lars Stemmerik, and Kim Senger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3912, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3912, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this review article we present Svalbard’s unique geological archive, revealing its climate history over the last 540 million years. We uncover how this Arctic region recorded key global events, including end Permian mass extinction, and climate crises like the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. The overall climate trend recorded in sedimentary successions in Svalbard is discussed in context of global climate fluctuations and continuous drift of Svalbard from near equator to Arctic latitudes.
Kim Senger, Grace Shephard, Fenna Ammerlaan, Owen Anfinson, Pascal Audet, Bernard Coakley, Victoria Ershova, Jan Inge Faleide, Sten-Andreas Grundvåg, Rafael Kenji Horota, Karthik Iyer, Julian Janocha, Morgan Jones, Alexander Minakov, Margaret Odlum, Anna Sartell, Andrew Schaeffer, Daniel Stockli, Marie Annette Vander Kloet, and Carmen Gaina
Geosci. Commun., 7, 267–295, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-7-267-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-7-267-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The article describes a course that we have developed at the University Centre in Svalbard that covers many aspects of Arctic geology. The students experience this course through a wide range of lecturers, focussing both on the small and larger scales and covering many geoscientific disciplines.
Peter Betlem, Thomas Birchall, Gareth Lord, Simon Oldfield, Lise Nakken, Kei Ogata, and Kim Senger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 985–1006, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-985-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-985-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present the digitalisation (i.e. textured outcrop and terrain models) of the Agardhfjellet Fm. cliffs exposed in Konusdalen West, Svalbard, which forms the seal of a carbon capture site in Longyearbyen, where several boreholes cover the exposed interval. Outcrop data feature centimetre-scale accuracies and a maximum resolution of 8 mm and have been correlated with the boreholes through structural–stratigraphic annotations that form the basis of various numerical modelling scenarios.
Thomas Goelles, Tobias Hammer, Stefan Muckenhuber, Birgit Schlager, Jakob Abermann, Christian Bauer, Víctor J. Expósito Jiménez, Wolfgang Schöner, Markus Schratter, Benjamin Schrei, and Kim Senger
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 247–261, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-247-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-247-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a newly developed modular MObile LIdar SENsor System (MOLISENS) to enable new applications for small industrial light detection and ranging (lidar) sensors. MOLISENS supports both monitoring of dynamic processes and mobile mapping applications. The mobile mapping application of MOLISENS has been tested under various conditions, and results are shown from two surveys in the Lurgrotte cave system in Austria and a glacier cave in Longyearbreen on Svalbard.
Kim Senger, Peter Betlem, Sten-Andreas Grundvåg, Rafael Kenji Horota, Simon John Buckley, Aleksandra Smyrak-Sikora, Malte Michel Jochmann, Thomas Birchall, Julian Janocha, Kei Ogata, Lilith Kuckero, Rakul Maria Johannessen, Isabelle Lecomte, Sara Mollie Cohen, and Snorre Olaussen
Geosci. Commun., 4, 399–420, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-399-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-399-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
At UNIS, located at 78° N in Longyearbyen in Arctic Norway, we use digital outcrop models (DOMs) actively in a new course (
AG222 Integrated Geological Methods: From Outcrop To Geomodel) to solve authentic geoscientific challenges. DOMs are shared through the open-access Svalbox geoscientific portal, along with 360° imagery, subsurface data and published geoscientific data from Svalbard. Here we share experiences from the AG222 course and Svalbox, both before and during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Thomas Birchall, Malte Jochmann, Peter Betlem, Kim Senger, Andrew Hodson, and Snorre Olaussen
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-226, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-226, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Svalbard has over a century of drilling history, though this historical data is largely overlooked nowadays. After inspecting this data, stored in local archives, we noticed the surprisingly common phenomenon of gas trapped below the permafrost. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, and the Arctic is warming at unprecedented rates. The permafrost is the last barrier preventing this gas from escaping into the atmosphere and if it thaws it risks a feedback effect to the already warming climate.
Mikkel Toft Hornum, Andrew Jonathan Hodson, Søren Jessen, Victor Bense, and Kim Senger
The Cryosphere, 14, 4627–4651, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4627-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4627-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In Arctic fjord valleys, considerable amounts of methane may be stored below the permafrost and escape directly to the atmosphere through springs. A new conceptual model of how such springs form and persist is presented and confirmed by numerical modelling experiments: in uplifted Arctic valleys, freezing pressure induced at the permafrost base can drive the flow of groundwater to the surface through vents in frozen ground. This deserves attention as an emission pathway for greenhouse gasses.
Andrew J. Hodson, Aga Nowak, Mikkel T. Hornum, Kim Senger, Kelly Redeker, Hanne H. Christiansen, Søren Jessen, Peter Betlem, Steve F. Thornton, Alexandra V. Turchyn, Snorre Olaussen, and Alina Marca
The Cryosphere, 14, 3829–3842, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3829-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3829-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Methane stored below permafrost is an unknown quantity in the Arctic greenhouse gas budget. In coastal areas with rising sea levels, much of the methane seeps into the sea and is removed before it reaches the atmosphere. However, where land uplift outpaces rising sea levels, the former seabed freezes, pressurising methane-rich groundwater beneath, which then escapes via permafrost seepages called pingos. We describe this mechanism and the origins of the methane discharging from Svalbard pingos.
William J. Foster, Herwig Prinoth, Evelyn Kustatscher, and Michael Hautmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4038, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4038, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Analysis of Permian–Triassic bivalve fossils from the Dolomites reveals that apparent size reductions reflect faunal turnover, not within-species dwarfing. Extinction eliminated most taxa, with smaller new species dominating early recovery. Survivors showed no size change. Subsequent size rebound occurred in two pulses: growth within survivors (late Griesbachian) and evolution of larger taxa (early Spathian), refining interpretations of the “Lilliput effect.”
Rafael Kenji Horota, Christian Haug Eide, Kim Senger, Marius Opsanger Jonassen, and Marie Annette Vander Kloet
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2248, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2248, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We explored how virtual tools can help students prepare for and reflect on outdoor learning in the Arctic. Using surveys from university courses in Svalbard, we found that digital field visits helped students feel more confident, better understand the landscape, and learn more effectively. These tools do not replace real fieldwork but make it more accessible and inclusive. Our research shows how technology can support hands-on learning in remote environments.
Peter K. Bijl, Kasia K. Sliwinska, Bella Duncan, Arnaud Huguet, Sebastian Naeher, Ronnakrit Rattanasriampaipong, Claudia Sosa-Montes de Oca, Alexandra Auderset, Melissa Berke, Bum Soo Kim, Nina Davtian, Tom Dunkley Jones, Desmond Eefting, Felix Elling, Lauren O'Connor, Richard D. Pancost, Francien Peterse, Pierrick Fenies, Addison Rice, Appy Sluijs, Devika Varma, Wenjie Xiao, and Yige Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1467, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1467, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Many academic laboratories worldwide process environmental samples for analysis of membrane lipid molecules of archaea, for the reconstruction of past environmental conditions. However, the sample workup scheme involves many steps, each of which has a risk of contamination or bias, affecting the results. This paper reviews steps involved in sampling, extraction and analysis of lipids, interpretation and archiving of the data. This ensures reproducable, reusable, comparable and consistent data.
Aleksandra Smyrak-Sikora, Peter Betlem, Victoria S. Engelschiøn, William J. Foster, Sten-Andreas Grundvåg, Mads E. Jelby, Morgan T. Jones, Grace E. Shephard, Kasia K. Śliwińska, Madeleine L Vickers, Valentin Zuchuat, Lars Eivind Augland, Jan Inge Faleide, Jennifer M. Galloway, William Helland-Hansen, Maria A. Jensen, Erik P. Johannessen, Maayke Koevoets, Denise Kulhanek, Gareth S. Lord, Tereza Mosociova, Snorre Olaussen, Sverre Planke, Gregory D. Price, Lars Stemmerik, and Kim Senger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3912, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3912, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this review article we present Svalbard’s unique geological archive, revealing its climate history over the last 540 million years. We uncover how this Arctic region recorded key global events, including end Permian mass extinction, and climate crises like the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. The overall climate trend recorded in sedimentary successions in Svalbard is discussed in context of global climate fluctuations and continuous drift of Svalbard from near equator to Arctic latitudes.
Bella J. Duncan, Robert McKay, Richard Levy, Joseph G. Prebble, Timothy Naish, Osamu Seki, Christoph Kraus, Heiko Moossen, G. Todd Ventura, Denise K. Kulhanek, and James Bendle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4021, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4021, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
We use plant wax compound specific stable isotopes to investigate how ancient Antarctic vegetation adapted to glacial conditions 23 million years ago. We find plants became less water efficient to prioritise photosynthesis during short, harsh growing seasons. Ecosystem changes also included enhanced aridity, and a shift to a stunted, low elevation vegetation. This shows the adaptability of ancient Antarctic vegetation under atmospheric CO2 conditions comparable to modern.
Kim Senger, Grace Shephard, Fenna Ammerlaan, Owen Anfinson, Pascal Audet, Bernard Coakley, Victoria Ershova, Jan Inge Faleide, Sten-Andreas Grundvåg, Rafael Kenji Horota, Karthik Iyer, Julian Janocha, Morgan Jones, Alexander Minakov, Margaret Odlum, Anna Sartell, Andrew Schaeffer, Daniel Stockli, Marie Annette Vander Kloet, and Carmen Gaina
Geosci. Commun., 7, 267–295, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-7-267-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-7-267-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The article describes a course that we have developed at the University Centre in Svalbard that covers many aspects of Arctic geology. The students experience this course through a wide range of lecturers, focussing both on the small and larger scales and covering many geoscientific disciplines.
Teuntje P. Hollaar, Claire M. Belcher, Micha Ruhl, Jean-François Deconinck, and Stephen P. Hesselbo
Biogeosciences, 21, 2795–2809, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2795-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2795-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fires are limited in year-round wet climates (tropical rainforests; too wet), and in year-round dry climates (deserts; no fuel). This concept, the intermediate-productivity gradient, explains the global pattern of fire activity. Here we test this concept for climate states of the Jurassic (~190 Myr ago). We find that the intermediate-productivity gradient also applies in the Jurassic despite the very different ecosystem assemblages, with fires most frequent at times of high seasonality.
Peter Betlem, Thomas Birchall, Gareth Lord, Simon Oldfield, Lise Nakken, Kei Ogata, and Kim Senger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 985–1006, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-985-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-985-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present the digitalisation (i.e. textured outcrop and terrain models) of the Agardhfjellet Fm. cliffs exposed in Konusdalen West, Svalbard, which forms the seal of a carbon capture site in Longyearbyen, where several boreholes cover the exposed interval. Outcrop data feature centimetre-scale accuracies and a maximum resolution of 8 mm and have been correlated with the boreholes through structural–stratigraphic annotations that form the basis of various numerical modelling scenarios.
Madeleine L. Vickers, Morgan T. Jones, Jack Longman, David Evans, Clemens V. Ullmann, Ella Wulfsberg Stokke, Martin Vickers, Joost Frieling, Dustin T. Harper, Vincent J. Clementi, and IODP Expedition 396 Scientists
Clim. Past, 20, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The discovery of cold-water glendonite pseudomorphs in sediments deposited during the hottest part of the Cenozoic poses an apparent climate paradox. This study examines their occurrence, association with volcanic sediments, and speculates on the timing and extent of cooling, fitting this with current understanding of global climate during this period. We propose that volcanic activity was key to both physical and chemical conditions that enabled the formation of glendonites in these sediments.
Stephen P. Hesselbo, Aisha Al-Suwaidi, Sarah J. Baker, Giorgia Ballabio, Claire M. Belcher, Andrew Bond, Ian Boomer, Remco Bos, Christian J. Bjerrum, Kara Bogus, Richard Boyle, James V. Browning, Alan R. Butcher, Daniel J. Condon, Philip Copestake, Stuart Daines, Christopher Dalby, Magret Damaschke, Susana E. Damborenea, Jean-Francois Deconinck, Alexander J. Dickson, Isabel M. Fendley, Calum P. Fox, Angela Fraguas, Joost Frieling, Thomas A. Gibson, Tianchen He, Kat Hickey, Linda A. Hinnov, Teuntje P. Hollaar, Chunju Huang, Alexander J. L. Hudson, Hugh C. Jenkyns, Erdem Idiz, Mengjie Jiang, Wout Krijgsman, Christoph Korte, Melanie J. Leng, Timothy M. Lenton, Katharina Leu, Crispin T. S. Little, Conall MacNiocaill, Miguel O. Manceñido, Tamsin A. Mather, Emanuela Mattioli, Kenneth G. Miller, Robert J. Newton, Kevin N. Page, József Pálfy, Gregory Pieńkowski, Richard J. Porter, Simon W. Poulton, Alberto C. Riccardi, James B. Riding, Ailsa Roper, Micha Ruhl, Ricardo L. Silva, Marisa S. Storm, Guillaume Suan, Dominika Szűcs, Nicolas Thibault, Alfred Uchman, James N. Stanley, Clemens V. Ullmann, Bas van de Schootbrugge, Madeleine L. Vickers, Sonja Wadas, Jessica H. Whiteside, Paul B. Wignall, Thomas Wonik, Weimu Xu, Christian Zeeden, and Ke Zhao
Sci. Dril., 32, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-32-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-32-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present initial results from a 650 m long core of Late Triasssic to Early Jurassic (190–202 Myr) sedimentary strata from the Cheshire Basin, UK, which is shown to be an exceptional record of Earth evolution for the time of break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea. Further work will determine periodic changes in depositional environments caused by solar system dynamics and used to reconstruct orbital history.
Eva P. S. Eibl, Kristin S. Vogfjörd, Benedikt G. Ófeigsson, Matthew J. Roberts, Christopher J. Bean, Morgan T. Jones, Bergur H. Bergsson, Sebastian Heimann, and Thoralf Dietrich
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 933–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-933-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-933-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Floods draining beneath an ice cap are hazardous events that generate six different short- or long-lasting types of seismic signals. We use these signals to see the collapse of the ice once the water has left the lake, the propagation of the flood front to the terminus, hydrothermal explosions and boiling in the bedrock beneath the drained lake, and increased water flow at rapids in the glacial river. We can thus track the flood and assess the associated hazards better in future flooding events.
Morgan T. Jones, Ella W. Stokke, Alan D. Rooney, Joost Frieling, Philip A. E. Pogge von Strandmann, David J. Wilson, Henrik H. Svensen, Sverre Planke, Thierry Adatte, Nicolas Thibault, Madeleine L. Vickers, Tamsin A. Mather, Christian Tegner, Valentin Zuchuat, and Bo P. Schultz
Clim. Past, 19, 1623–1652, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1623-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1623-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
There are periods in Earth’s history when huge volumes of magma are erupted at the Earth’s surface. The gases released from volcanic eruptions and from sediments heated by the magma are believed to have caused severe climate changes in the geological past. We use a variety of volcanic and climatic tracers to assess how the North Atlantic Igneous Province (56–54 Ma) affected the oceans and atmosphere during a period of extreme global warming.
Kasia K. Śliwińska, Helen K. Coxall, David K. Hutchinson, Diederik Liebrand, Stefan Schouten, and Agatha M. de Boer
Clim. Past, 19, 123–140, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-123-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-123-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a sea surface temperature record from the Labrador Sea (ODP Site 647) based on organic geochemical proxies across the late Eocene and early Oligocene. Our study reveals heterogenic cooling of the Atlantic. The cooling of the North Atlantic is difficult to reconcile with the active Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). We discuss possible explanations like uncertainty in the data, paleogeography and atmospheric CO2 boundary conditions, model weaknesses, and AMOC activity.
Thomas Goelles, Tobias Hammer, Stefan Muckenhuber, Birgit Schlager, Jakob Abermann, Christian Bauer, Víctor J. Expósito Jiménez, Wolfgang Schöner, Markus Schratter, Benjamin Schrei, and Kim Senger
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 247–261, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-247-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-247-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a newly developed modular MObile LIdar SENsor System (MOLISENS) to enable new applications for small industrial light detection and ranging (lidar) sensors. MOLISENS supports both monitoring of dynamic processes and mobile mapping applications. The mobile mapping application of MOLISENS has been tested under various conditions, and results are shown from two surveys in the Lurgrotte cave system in Austria and a glacier cave in Longyearbreen on Svalbard.
Henning Lorenz, Jan-Erik Rosberg, Christopher Juhlin, Iwona Klonowska, Rodolphe Lescoutre, George Westmeijer, Bjarne S. G. Almqvist, Mark Anderson, Stefan Bertilsson, Mark Dopson, Jens Kallmeyer, Jochem Kück, Oliver Lehnert, Luca Menegon, Christophe Pascal, Simon Rejkjær, and Nick N. W. Roberts
Sci. Dril., 30, 43–57, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-43-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-43-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides project provides insights into the deep structure and bedrock of a ca. 400 Ma old major orogen to study deformation processes that are hidden at depth from direct access in modern mountain belts. This paper describes the successful operations at the second site. It provides an overview of the retrieved geological section that differs from the expected and summarises the scientific potential of the accomplished data sets and drill core.
Molly O. Patterson, Richard H. Levy, Denise K. Kulhanek, Tina van de Flierdt, Huw Horgan, Gavin B. Dunbar, Timothy R. Naish, Jeanine Ash, Alex Pyne, Darcy Mandeno, Paul Winberry, David M. Harwood, Fabio Florindo, Francisco J. Jimenez-Espejo, Andreas Läufer, Kyu-Cheul Yoo, Osamu Seki, Paolo Stocchi, Johann P. Klages, Jae Il Lee, Florence Colleoni, Yusuke Suganuma, Edward Gasson, Christian Ohneiser, José-Abel Flores, David Try, Rachel Kirkman, Daleen Koch, and the SWAIS 2C Science Team
Sci. Dril., 30, 101–112, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-101-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-101-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
How much of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet will melt and how quickly it will happen when average global temperatures exceed 2 °C is currently unknown. Given the far-reaching and international consequences of Antarctica’s future contribution to global sea level rise, the SWAIS 2C Project was developed in order to better forecast the size and timing of future changes.
Ella W. Stokke, Morgan T. Jones, Lars Riber, Haflidi Haflidason, Ivar Midtkandal, Bo Pagh Schultz, and Henrik H. Svensen
Clim. Past, 17, 1989–2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1989-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1989-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we present new sedimentological, geochemical, and mineralogical data exploring the environmental response to climatic and volcanic impact during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (~55.9 Ma; PETM). Our data suggest a rise in continental weathering and a shift to anoxic–sulfidic conditions. This indicates a rapid environmental response to changes in the carbon cycle and temperatures and highlights the important role of shelf areas as carbon sinks driving the PETM recovery.
Kim Senger, Peter Betlem, Sten-Andreas Grundvåg, Rafael Kenji Horota, Simon John Buckley, Aleksandra Smyrak-Sikora, Malte Michel Jochmann, Thomas Birchall, Julian Janocha, Kei Ogata, Lilith Kuckero, Rakul Maria Johannessen, Isabelle Lecomte, Sara Mollie Cohen, and Snorre Olaussen
Geosci. Commun., 4, 399–420, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-399-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-399-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
At UNIS, located at 78° N in Longyearbyen in Arctic Norway, we use digital outcrop models (DOMs) actively in a new course (
AG222 Integrated Geological Methods: From Outcrop To Geomodel) to solve authentic geoscientific challenges. DOMs are shared through the open-access Svalbox geoscientific portal, along with 360° imagery, subsurface data and published geoscientific data from Svalbard. Here we share experiences from the AG222 course and Svalbox, both before and during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Thomas Birchall, Malte Jochmann, Peter Betlem, Kim Senger, Andrew Hodson, and Snorre Olaussen
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-226, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-226, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Svalbard has over a century of drilling history, though this historical data is largely overlooked nowadays. After inspecting this data, stored in local archives, we noticed the surprisingly common phenomenon of gas trapped below the permafrost. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, and the Arctic is warming at unprecedented rates. The permafrost is the last barrier preventing this gas from escaping into the atmosphere and if it thaws it risks a feedback effect to the already warming climate.
David K. Hutchinson, Helen K. Coxall, Daniel J. Lunt, Margret Steinthorsdottir, Agatha M. de Boer, Michiel Baatsen, Anna von der Heydt, Matthew Huber, Alan T. Kennedy-Asser, Lutz Kunzmann, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Caroline H. Lear, Karolin Moraweck, Paul N. Pearson, Emanuela Piga, Matthew J. Pound, Ulrich Salzmann, Howie D. Scher, Willem P. Sijp, Kasia K. Śliwińska, Paul A. Wilson, and Zhongshi Zhang
Clim. Past, 17, 269–315, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-269-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-269-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Eocene–Oligocene transition was a major climate cooling event from a largely ice-free world to the first major glaciation of Antarctica, approximately 34 million years ago. This paper reviews observed changes in temperature, CO2 and ice sheets from marine and land-based records at this time. We present a new model–data comparison of this transition and find that CO2-forced cooling provides the best explanation of the observed global temperature changes.
Mikkel Toft Hornum, Andrew Jonathan Hodson, Søren Jessen, Victor Bense, and Kim Senger
The Cryosphere, 14, 4627–4651, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4627-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4627-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In Arctic fjord valleys, considerable amounts of methane may be stored below the permafrost and escape directly to the atmosphere through springs. A new conceptual model of how such springs form and persist is presented and confirmed by numerical modelling experiments: in uplifted Arctic valleys, freezing pressure induced at the permafrost base can drive the flow of groundwater to the surface through vents in frozen ground. This deserves attention as an emission pathway for greenhouse gasses.
Andrew J. Hodson, Aga Nowak, Mikkel T. Hornum, Kim Senger, Kelly Redeker, Hanne H. Christiansen, Søren Jessen, Peter Betlem, Steve F. Thornton, Alexandra V. Turchyn, Snorre Olaussen, and Alina Marca
The Cryosphere, 14, 3829–3842, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3829-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3829-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Methane stored below permafrost is an unknown quantity in the Arctic greenhouse gas budget. In coastal areas with rising sea levels, much of the methane seeps into the sea and is removed before it reaches the atmosphere. However, where land uplift outpaces rising sea levels, the former seabed freezes, pressurising methane-rich groundwater beneath, which then escapes via permafrost seepages called pingos. We describe this mechanism and the origins of the methane discharging from Svalbard pingos.
Eric Salomon, Atle Rotevatn, Thomas Berg Kristensen, Sten-Andreas Grundvåg, Gijs Allard Henstra, Anna Nele Meckler, Richard Albert, and Axel Gerdes
Solid Earth, 11, 1987–2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1987-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1987-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the impact of major rift border faults on fluid circulation and hanging wall sediment diagenesis by investigating a well-exposed example in NE Greenland using field observations, U–Pb calcite dating, clumped isotope, and minor element analyses. We show that fault-proximal sediments became calcite cemented quickly after deposition to form a near-impermeable barrier along the fault, which has important implications for border fault zone evolution and reservoir assessments.
Kasia K. Śliwińska and Martin J. Head
J. Micropalaeontol., 39, 139–154, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-39-139-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-39-139-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We described two new species of the fossil dinoflagellate cyst genus Svalbardella. S. clausii sp. nov. has a narrow range in the lowermost Chattian and may be related to cooler surface waters. S. kareniae sp. nov. ranges from Lower Oligocene to Lower Miocene and favours more open marine conditions.
Our study illustrates the close phylogenetic relationship between Svalbardella and Palaeocystodinium and shows that surface ornamentation and the tabulation are variable features within both genera.
Cited articles
Ahlborn, M. and Stemmerik, L.: Depositional evolution of the Upper Carboniferous–Lower Permian Wordiekammen carbonate platform, Nordfjorden High, central Spitsbergen, Arctic Norway, Norw. J. Geol., 95, 91–126, https://doi.org/10.17850/njg95-1-03, 2015.
Aretz, M., Herbig, H.-G., Wang, X., Gradstein, F., Agterberg, F., and Ogg, J.: The carboniferous period, in: Geologic time scale 2020, Elsevier, 811–874, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824360-2.00023-1, 2020.
Backman, J., Jakobsson, M., Løvlie, R., Polyak, L., and Febo, L. A.: Is the central Arctic Ocean a sediment starved basin?, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23, 1435–1454, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001476, 2004.
Backman, J., Jakobsson, M., Frank, M., Sangiorgi, F., Brinkhuis, H., Stickley, C., O'Regan, M., Løvlie, R., Pälike, H., Spofforth, D., Gattacecca, J., Moran, K., King, J., and Heil, C.: Age model and core-seismic integration for the Cenozoic Arctic Coring Expedition sediments from the Lomonosov Ridge, Paleoceanography, 23, PA1S03, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001476, 2008.
Berndt, C., Planke, S., Teagle, D., Huismans, R., Torsvik, T., Frieling, J., Jones, M. T., Jerram, D. A., Tegner, C., Faleide, J. I., Coxall, H., and Hong, W.-L.: Northeast Atlantic breakup volcanism and consequences for Paleogene climate change – MagellanPlus Workshop report, Sci. Dril., 26, 69–85, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-26-69-2019, 2019.
Betlem, P., Rodes, N., Birchall, T., Dahlin, A., Smyrak-Sikora, A., and Senger, K.: The Svalbox Digital Model Database: a geoscientific window to the High Arctic, Geosphere, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02606.1, online first, 2023.
Blinova, N. V., Stejskal, J., Trchová, M., Sapurina, I., and Ćirić-Marjanović, G.: The oxidation of aniline with silver nitrate to polyaniline–silver composites, Polymer, 50, 50–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2008.10.040, 2009.
Bond, D. P., Blomeier, D. P., Dustira, A. M., Wignall, P. B., Collins, D., Goode, T., Groen, R. D., Buggisch, W., and Grasby, S. E.: Sequence stratigraphy, basin morphology and sea-level history for the Permian Kapp Starostin Formation of Svalbard, Norway, Geol. Mag., 155, 1023–1039, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756816001126, 2018.
Bond, D. P., Wignall, P. B., and Grasby, S. E.: The Capitanian (Guadalupian, Middle Permian) mass extinction in NW Pangea (Borup Fiord, Arctic Canada): A global crisis driven by volcanism and anoxia, GSA Bull., 132, 931–942, https://doi.org/10.1130/B35281.1, 2020.
Braathen, A., Bælum, K., Christiansen, H. H., Dahl, T., Eiken, O., Elvebakk, H., Hansen, F., Hanssen, T. H., Jochmann, M., Johansen, T. A., Johnsen, H., Larsen, L., Lie, T., Mertes, J., Mørk, A., Mørk, M. B., Nemec, W. J., Olaussen, S., Oye, V., Rød, K., Titlestad, G. O., Tveranger, J., and Vagle, K.: Longyearbyen CO2 lab of Svalbard, Norway – first assessment of the sedimentary succession for CO2 storage, Norw. J. Geol., 92, 353–376, 2012.
Brocks, J. J., Jarrett, A. J., Sirantoine, E., Hallmann, C., Hoshino, Y., and Liyanage, T.: The rise of algae in Cryogenian oceans and the emergence of animals, Nature, 548, 578–581, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23457, 2017.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Global Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks, in: Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 673–816, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.007, 2023.
Charles, A. J., Condon, D. J., Harding, I. C., Pälike, H., Marshall, J. E., Cui, Y., Kump, L., and Croudace, I. W.: Constraints on the numerical age of the Paleocene-Eocene boundary, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 12, Q0AA17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003426, 2011.
Clyde, W. C., Gingerich, P. D., Wing, S. L., Röhl, U., Westerhold, T., Bowen, G., Johnson, K., Baczynski, A. A., Diefendorf, A., McInerney, F., Schnurrenberger, D., Noren, A., Brady, K., and the BBCP Science Team: Bighorn Basin Coring Project (BBCP): a continental perspective on early Paleogene hyperthermals, Sci. Dril., 16, 21–31, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-16-21-2013, 2013.
Cramer, B. S., Wright, J. D., Kent, D. V., and Aubry, M. P.: Orbital climate forcing of δ13C excursions in the late Paleocene–early Eocene (chrons C24n–C25n), Paleoceanography, 18, 1097, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003PA000909, 2003.
Cui, Y.: Carbon addition during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: model inversion of a new, high-resolution carbon isotope record from Svalbard, MSc thesis, Pennsylvania State University, https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/files/final_submissions/6907 (last access: 4 October 2023), 2010.
Cui, Y., Diefendorf, A. F., Kump, L. R., Jiang, S., and Freeman, K. H.: Synchronous marine and terrestrial carbon cycle perturbation in the high arctic during the PETM, Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 36, e2020PA003942, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA003942, 2021.
Cutbill, J. and Challinor, A.: Revision of the stratigraphical scheme for the Carboniferous and Permian rocks of Spitsbergen and Bjørnøya, Geol. Mag., 102, 418–439, 1965.
Dallmann, W. K. (Ed.): Lithostratigraphic Lexicon of Svalbard. Upper Palaeozoic to Quaternary Bedrock, Review and Recommendations for Nomenclature Use, Committee on the Stratigraphy of Svalbard/Norsk Polarinstitutt, p. 320, ISBN 82-7666-166-1, 1999.
Dickens, G. R., O'Neil, J. R., Rea, D. K., and Owen, R. M.: Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene, Paleoceanography, 10, 965–971, 1995.
Doerner, M., Berner, U., Erdmann, M., and Barth, T.: Geochemical characterization of the depositional environment of Paleocene and Eocene sediments of the Tertiary Central Basin of Svalbard, Chem. Geol., 542, 119587, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119587, 2020.
Dypvik, H., Riber, L., Burca, F., Rüther, D., Jargvoll, D., Nagy, J., and Jochmann, M.: The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) in Svalbard – clay mineral and geochemical signals, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 302, 156–169, 2011.
Elvevold, S., Dallmann, W., and Blomeier, D.: Geology of Svalbard, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway, 38 pp., https://brage.npolar.no/npolar-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/173141/GeologyOfSvalbard.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (last access: 4 October 2023), 2007.
Erba, E., Duncan, R. A., Bottini, C., Tiraboschi, D., Weissert, H., Jenkyns, H. C., and Malinverno, A.: Environmental consequences of Ontong Java Plateau and Kerguelen plateau volcanism, The origin, evolution, and environmental impact of oceanic large igneous provinces, Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap., 511, 271–303, https://doi.org/10.1130/2015.2511(15), 2015.
Evans, D., Sagoo, N., Renema, W., Cotton, L. J., Müller, W., Todd, J. A., Saraswati, P. K., Stassen, P., Ziegler, M., and Pearson, P. N.: Eocene greenhouse climate revealed by coupled clumped isotope-Mg/Ca thermometry, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 1174–1179, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714744115, 2018.
Farabegoli, E., Perri, M. C., and Posenato, R.: Environmental and biotic changes across the Permian–Triassic boundary in western Tethys: the Bulla parastratotype, Italy, Global Planet. Change, 55, 109–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.06.009, 2007.
Feyling-Hanssen, R. W. and Ulleberg, K.: A Tertiary-Quaternary section at Sarsbukta, Spitsbergen, Svalbard, and its foraminifera, Pol. Res., 2, 77–106, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.1984.tb00487.x, 1984.
Fischer, T., Hrubcová, P., Dahm, T., Woith, H., Vylita, T., Ohrnberger, M., Vlček, J., Horálek, J., Dědeček, P., Zimmer, M., Lipus, M. P., Pierdominici, S., Kallmeyer, J., Krüger, F., Hannemann, K., Korn, M., Kämpf, H., Reinsch, T., Klicpera, J., Vollmer, D., and Daskalopoulou, K.: ICDP drilling of the Eger Rift observatory: magmatic fluids driving the earthquake swarms and deep biosphere, Sci. Dril., 31, 31–49, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-31-31-2022, 2022.
Foster, W. J., Danise, S., and Twitchett, R. J.: A silicified Early Triassic marine assemblage from Svalbard, J. Syst. Palaeontol., 15, 851–877, https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2016.1245680, 2017.
Foster, W. J., Asatryan, G., Botting, J., Rauzi, S., Lazarus, D. B., Buchwald, S. Z., Isson, T., Renaudie, J., and Kiessling, W.: Response of siliceous marine organisms to Permian-Triassic climate crisis based on new findings from central Spitsbergen, Svalbard, ESS Open Archive, https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.169447472.26881234/v1, 2023.
Gastaldo, R. A., DiMichele, W. A., and Pfefferkorn, H. W.: Out of the icehouse into the greenhouse: a late Paleozoic analogue for modern global vegetational change, GSA today, https://rock.geosociety.org/net/gsatoday/archive/6/10/pdf/gt9610.pdf(last access: 4 October 2023), 1996.
Grundvåg, S. A., Helland-Hansen, W., Johannessen, E. P., Olsen, A. H., and Stene, S. A.: The depositional architecture and facies variability of shelf deltas in the Eocene Battfjellet Formation, Nathorst Land, Spitsbergen, Sedimentology, 61, 2172–2204, 2014.
Gutjahr, M., Ridgwell, A., Sexton, P. F., Anagnostou, E., Pearson, P. N., Pälike, H., Norris, R. D., Thomas, E., and Foster, G. L.: Very large release of mostly volcanic carbon during the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, Nature, 548, 573–577, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23646, 2017.
Harding, I. C., Charles, A. J., Marshall, J. E. A., Pälike, H., Roberts, A. P., Wilson, P. A., Jarvis, E., Thorne, R., Morris, E., Moremon, R., Pearce, R. B., and Akbari, S.: Sea-level and salinity fluctuations during the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum in Arctic Spitsbergen, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 303, 97–107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.12.043, 2011.
Heimdal, T. H., Callegaro, S., Svensen, H. H., Jones, M. T., Pereira, E., and Planke, S.: Evidence for magma–evaporite interactions during the emplacement of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) in Brazil, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 506, 476–492, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.11.018, 2019.
Helland-Hansen, W. and Grundvåg, S. A.: The Svalbard Eocene-Oligocene (?) Central Basin succession: Sedimentation patterns and controls, Basin Res., 33, 729–753, 2021.
Herrle, J. O., Schröder-Adams, C. J., Davis, W., Pugh, A. T., Galloway, J. M., and Fath, J.: Mid-Cretaceous High Arctic stratigraphy, climate, and oceanic anoxic events, Geology, 43, 403–406, 2015.
Hesselbo, S. P., Gröcke, D. R., Jenkyns, H. C., Bjerrum, C. J., Farrimond, P., Morgans Bell, H. S., and Green, O. R.: Massive dissociation of gas hydrate during a Jurassic oceanic anoxic event, Nature, 406, 392–395, 2000.
Hoffman, P. F. and Schrag, D. P.: The snowball Earth hypothesis: testing the limits of global change, Terra Nova, 14, 129–155, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3121.2002.00408.x, 2002.
Holland, M. M. and Bitz, C. M.: Polar amplification of climate change in coupled models, Clim. Dynam., 21, 221–232, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-003-0332-6, 2003.
Hossain, A., Knorr, G., Jokat, W., and Lohmann, G.: Opening of the Fram Strait led to the establishment of a modern-like three-layer stratification in the Arctic Ocean during the Miocene, Arktos, 7, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41063-020-00079-8, 2021.
Hutchinson, D. K., Coxall, H. K., O'Regan, M., Nilsson, J., Caballero, R., and de Boer, A. M.: Arctic closure as a trigger for Atlantic overturning at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition, Nat. Commun., 10, 3797, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11828-z, 2019.
Hutchinson, D. K., Coxall, H. K., Lunt, D. J., Steinthorsdottir, M., de Boer, A. M., Baatsen, M., von der Heydt, A., Huber, M., Kennedy-Asser, A. T., Kunzmann, L., Ladant, J.-B., Lear, C. H., Moraweck, K., Pearson, P. N., Piga, E., Pound, M. J., Salzmann, U., Scher, H. D., Sijp, W. P., Śliwińska, K. K., Wilson, P. A., and Zhang, Z.: The Eocene–Oligocene transition: a review of marine and terrestrial proxy data, models and model–data comparisons, Clim. Past, 17, 269–315, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-269-2021, 2021.
Inglis, G. N., Bragg, F., Burls, N. J., Cramwinckel, M. J., Evans, D., Foster, G. L., Huber, M., Lunt, D. J., Siler, N., Steinig, S., Tierney, J. E., Wilkinson, R., Anagnostou, E., de Boer, A. M., Dunkley Jones, T., Edgar, K. M., Hollis, C. J., Hutchinson, D. K., and Pancost, R. D.: Global mean surface temperature and climate sensitivity of the early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO), Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), and latest Paleocene, Clim. Past, 16, 1953–1968, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1953-2020, 2020.
Isbell, J. L., Fraiser, M. L., and Henry, L. C.: Examining the Complexity of Environmental Change during the Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic, PALAIOS, 23, 267–269, https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2008.S03, 2008.
Jakobsson, M., Mayer, L., Coakley, B., Dowdeswell, J. A., Forbes, S., Fridman, B., Hodnesdal, H., Noormets, R., Pedersen, R., Rebesco, M., Schenke, H. W., Zarayskaya, Y., Accettella, D., Armstrong, A., Anderson, R. M., Bienhoff, P., Camerlenghi, A., Church, I., Edwards, M., Gardner, J. V., Hall, J. K., Hell, B., Hestvik, O., Kristoffersen, Y., Marcussen, C., Mohammad, R., Mosher, D., Nghiem, S. V., Pedrosa, M. T., Travaglini, P. G., and Weatherall, P.: The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) Version 3.0, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L12609, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052219, 2012.
Jelby, M. E., Śliwińska, K. K., Koevoets, M. J., Alsen, P., Vickers, M. L., Olaussen, S., and Stemmerik, L.: Arctic reappraisal of global carbon-cycle dynamics across the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary and Valanginian Weissert Event, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 555, 109847, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109847, 2020.
Jin, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, W., Shang, Q., Cao, C., and Erwin, D. H.: Pattern of marine mass extinction near the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China, Science, 289, 432–436, 2000.
Johannessen, E. P., Henningsen, T., Bakke, N. E., Johansen, T. A., Ruud, B. O., Riste, P., Elvebakk, H., Jochmann, M., Elvebakk, G., and Woldengen, M. S.: Palaeogene clinoform succession on Svalbard expressed in outcrops, seismic data, logs and cores, First Break, 29, 35–44, 2011.
Jones, M. T., Jerram, D. A., Svensen, H. H., and Grove, C.: The effects of large igneous provinces on the global carbon and sulphur cycles, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 441, 4–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.042, 2016.
Klausen, T. G., Nyberg, B., and Helland-Hansen, W.: The largest delta plain in Earth's history, Geology, 47, 470–474, https://doi.org/10.1130/G45507.1, 2019.
Koevoets, M. J., Abay, T. B., Hammer, Ø., and Olaussen, S.: High-resolution organic carbon–isotope stratigraphy of the Middle Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Agardhfjellet Formation of central Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 449, 266–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.02.029, 2016.
Koppers, A., and Coggon, R.: Exploring earth by scientific ocean drilling: 2050 Science Framework, International Ocean Drilling Programme, https://www.iodp.org/2050-science-framework (last access: 4 October 2023), 2020.
Kristoffersen, Y., Ohta, Y., and Hall, J. K.: On the the origin of the Yermak Plateau north of Svalbard, Arctic Ocean, Norw. J. Geol./Norsk Geologisk Forening, 100, 202006, https://doi.org/10.17850/njg100-1-5, 2020.
Lee, S., Shi, G. R., Nakrem, H. A., Woo, J., and Tazawa, J.-I.: Mass extinction or extirpation: Permian biotic turnovers in the northwestern margin of Pangea, GSA Bulle., 134, 2399–2414, https://doi.org/10.1130/b36227.1, 2022.
Lorenz, H., Rosberg, J.-E., Juhlin, C., Klonowska, I., Lescoutre, R., Westmeijer, G., Almqvist, B. S. G., Anderson, M., Bertilsson, S., Dopson, M., Kallmeyer, J., Kück, J., Lehnert, O., Menegon, L., Pascal, C., Rejkjær, S., and Roberts, N. N. W.: COSC-2 – drilling the basal décollement and underlying margin of palaeocontinent Baltica in the Paleozoic Caledonide Orogen of Scandinavia, Sci. Dril., 30, 43–57, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-43-2022, 2022.
Lourens, L. J., Sluijs, A., Kroon, D., Zachos, J. C., Thomas, E., Röhl, U., Bowles, J., and Raffi, I.: Astronomical pacing of late Palaeocene to early Eocene global warming events, Nature, 435, 1083–1087, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03814, 2005.
Lucchi, R. G., St. John, K., and Ronge, T. A.: Expedition 403 Scientific Prospectus: Eastern Fram Strait Paleo-Archive (FRAME), International Ocean Discovery Program, https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.sp.403.2023, 2023.
Lundschien, B. A., Mattingsdal, R., Johansen, S. K., and Knutsen, S.-M.: North Barents Composite Tectono-Sedimentary Element, Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 57, M57–2021-2039, https://doi.org/10.1144/M57-2021-39, 2024.
Midtkandal, I., Svensen, H. H., Planke, S., Corfu, F., Polteau, S., Torsvik, T. H., Faleide, J. I., Grundvåg, S.-A., Selnes, H., and Kürschner, W.: The Aptian (Early Cretaceous) oceanic anoxic event (OAE1a) in Svalbard, Barents Sea, and the absolute age of the Barremian-Aptian boundary, Palaeogeogr., Palaeocl., 463, 126–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.09.023, 2016.
Montañez, I. P. and Poulsen, C. J.: The Late Paleozoic ice age: an evolving paradigm, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 41, 629–656, 2013.
Montañez, I. P., Tabor, N. J., Niemeier, D., DiMichele, W. A., Frank, T. D., Fielding, C. R., Isbell, J. L., Birgenheier, L. P., and Rygel, M. C.: CO2-forced climate and vegetation instability during Late Paleozoic deglaciation, Science, 315, 87–91, 2007.
Mørk, A., Embry, A. F., and Weitschat, W.: Triassic transgressive-regressive cycles in the Sverdrup Basin, Svalbard and the Barents Shelf, in: Correlation in Hydrocarbon Exploration, edited by: Collinson, J. D., Springer, Dordrecht, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1149-9_11, 1989.
Mørk, A., Dallmann, W., Dypvik, H., Johannessen, E., Larssen, G., Nagy, J., Nøttvedt, A., Olaussen, S., Pchelina, T., and Worsley, D.: Mesozoic lithostratigraphy, Lithostratigraphic lexicon of Svalbard. Upper Palaeozoic to Quaternary bedrock. Review and recommendations for nomenclature use, Norwegian Polar Institute, 127–214, ISBN 82-7666-166-1, 1999.
Nakrem, H. A. and Mørk, A.: New early Triassic Bryozoa (Trepostomata) from Spitsbergen, with some remarks on the stratigraphy of the investigated horizons, Geol. Mag., 128, 129–140, https://doi.org/10.1017/S001675680001832X, 1991.
Ogg, J. G., Ogg, G. M., and Gradstein, F. M.: A concise geologic time scale: 2016, Elsevier, ISBN 9780444637710, 2016.
Ohm, S. E., Larsen, L., Olaussen, S., Senger, K., Birchall, T., Demchuk, T., Hodson, A., Johansen, I., Titlestad, G. O., and Karlsen, D. A.: Discovery of shale gas in organic-rich Jurassic successions, Adventdalen, Central Spitsbergen, Norway, Norsk Geol. Tidsskr., 99, 349–376, https://doi.org/10.17850/njg007, 2019.
Olaussen, S., Senger, K., Braathen, A., Grundvåg, S. A., and Mørk, A.: You learn as long as you drill; research synthesis from the Longyearbyen CO2 Laboratory, Svalbard, Norway, Norw. J. Geol., 99, 157–187, https://doi.org/10.17850/njg008, 2019.
Olaussen, S., Grundvåg, S.-A., Senger, K., Anell, I., Betlem, P., Birchall, T., Braathen, A., Dallmann, W., M., J., Johannessen, E. P., Lord, G., Mørk, A., Osmundsen, P. T., Smyrak-Sikora, A., and Stemmerik, L.: Svalbard Composite Tectono-Stratigraphic Element, High Arctic Norway Geological Society of London Memoirs, https://doi.org/10.1144/M57-2021-36, 2023.
Penn, J. L., Deutsch, C., Payne, J. L., and Sperling, E. A.: Temperature-dependent hypoxia explains biogeography and severity of end-Permian marine mass extinction, Science, 362, eaat1327, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat1327, 2018.
Percival, L., Tedeschi, L. R., Creaser, R., Bottini, C., Erba, E., Giraud, F., Svensen, H., Savian, J., Trindade, R., and Coccioni, R.: Determining the style and provenance of magmatic activity during the Early Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE 1a), Global Planet. Change, 200, 103461, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103461, 2021.
Pérez, L. F., Knutz, P. C., Hopper, J., Seidenkrantz, M.-S., and O'Regan, M.: Scientific drilling in Northeast Greenland: Greenland Ice Sheet sensitivity to polar amplification and long-term ice-ocean-tectonic interactions, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 24–28 April 2023, EGU23-11575, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-11575, 2023.
Planke, S., Berndt, C., Alvarez Zarikian, C. A., and Expedition 396 Scientists: Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program Volume 396 – Mid-Norwegian Margin Magmatism and Paleoclimate Implications, International Ocean Discovery Program, https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.396.2023, 2023.
Poirier, A. and Hillaire-Marcel, C.: Improved Os-isotope stratigraphy of the Arctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L14607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047953, 2011.
Price, G. D., Bajnai, D., and Fiebig, J.: Carbonate clumped isotope evidence for latitudinal seawater temperature gradients and the oxygen isotope composition of Early Cretaceous seas, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 552, 109777, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109777, 2020.
Rodríguez-Tovar, F., Dorador, J., Zuchuat, V., Planke, S., and Hammer, Ø.: Response of macrobenthic trace maker community to the end-Permian mass extinction in Central Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 581, 110637, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110637, 2021.
Rooney, A. D., Strauss, J. V., Brandon, A. D., and Macdonald, F. A.: A Cryogenian chronology: Two long-lasting synchronous Neoproterozoic glaciations, Geology, 43, 459–462, 2015.
Ruhl, M. and Kürschner, W. M.: Multiple phases of carbon cycle disturbance from large igneous province formation at the Triassic-Jurassic transition, Geology, 39, 431–434, https://doi.org/10.1130/g31680.1, 2011.
Sangiorgi, F., Brumsack, H. J., Willard, D. A., Schouten, S., Stickley, C. E., O'Regan, M., Reichart, G. J., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Brinkhuis, H.: A 26 million year gap in the central Arctic record at the greenhouse-icehouse transition: Looking for clues, Paleoceanography, 23, PA1S04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001477, 2008.
Schaaf, N. W., Osmundsen, P. T., Van der Lelij, R., Schönenberger, J., Lenz, O. K., Redfield, T. F., and Senger, K.: Tectono-sedimentary evolution of the eastern Forlandsundet Graben, Svalbard, Norw. J. Geol., 100, 202021, https://doi.org/10.17850/njg100-4-4, 2021.
Schlanger, S. O. and Jenkyns, H.: Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: causes and consequences, Geol. Mijnbouw, 55, 179–184, 1976.
Schobben, M., Foster, W. J., Sleveland, A. R., Zuchuat, V., Svensen, H. H., Planke, S., Bond, D. P., Marcelis, F., Newton, R. J., and Wignall, P. B.: A nutrient control on marine anoxia during the end-Permian mass extinction, Nat. Geosci., 13, 640–646, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0622-1, 2020.
Senger, K., Brugmans, P., Grundvåg, S.-A., Jochmann, M. M., Nøttvedt, A., Olaussen, S., Skotte, A., and Smyrak-Sikora, A.: Petroleum, coal and research drilling onshore Svalbard: a historical perspective, Norw. J. Geol., 99, 30 pp., https://doi.org/10.17850/njg99-3-1, 2019.
Senger, K., Betlem, P., Birchall, T., Gonzaga Jr, L., Grundvåg, S.-A., Horota, R. K., Laake, A., Kuckero, L., Mørk, A., and Planke, S.: Digitising Svalbard's Geology: the Festningen Digital Outcrop Model, First Break, 40, 47–55, 2022.
Sluijs, A., Frieling, J., Inglis, G. N., Nierop, K. G. J., Peterse, F., Sangiorgi, F., and Schouten, S.: Late Paleocene–early Eocene Arctic Ocean sea surface temperatures: reassessing biomarker paleothermometry at Lomonosov Ridge, Clim. Past, 16, 2381–2400, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2381-2020, 2020.
Smyrak-Sikora, A., Nicolaisen, J. B., Braathen, A., Johannessen, E. P., Olaussen, S., and Stemmerik, L.: Impact of growth faults on mixed siliciclastic-carbonate-evaporite deposits during rift climax and reorganisation – Billefjorden Trough, Svalbard, Norway, Basin Res., 33, 2643–2674, https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12578, 2021.
Soreghan, G. S., Beccaletto, L., Benison, K. C., Bourquin, S., Feulner, G., Hamamura, N., Hamilton, M., Heavens, N. G., Hinnov, L., Huttenlocker, A., Looy, C., Pfeifer, L. S., Pochat, S., Sardar Abadi, M., Zambito, J., and the Deep Dust workshop participants: Report on ICDP Deep Dust workshops: probing continental climate of the late Paleozoic icehouse–greenhouse transition and beyond, Sci. Dril., 28, 93–112, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-28-93-2020, 2020.
Sorento, T., Olaussen, S., and Stemmerik, L.: Controls on deposition of shallow marine carbonates and evaporites – lower Permian Gipshuken Formation, central Spitsbergen, Arctic Norway, Sedimentology, 67, 207–238, https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12640, 2020.
Steel, R., Gjelberg, J., Helland-Hansen, W., Kleinspehn, K., Nøttvedt, A., and Rye-Larsen, M.: The Tertiary strike-slip basins and orogenic belt of Spitsbergen, in: Strike-Slip Deformation, Basin Formation, and Sedimentation, edited by: Biddle, K. T. and Christie-Blick, N., SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.85.37.0319, 1985.
Steel, R. J. and Worsley, D.: Svalbard's post-Caledonian strata – an atlas of sedimentational patterns and palaeogeographic evolution, in: Petroleum Geology of the North European Margin, edited by: Spencer, A. M., Graham & Trotman, London, 109–135, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5626-1_9, 1984.
Stickley, C. E., Brinkhuis, H., Schellenberg, S. A., Sluijs, A., Röhl, U., Fuller, M., Grauert, M., Huber, M., Warnaar, J., and Williams, G. L.: Timing and nature of the deepening of the Tasmanian Gateway, Paleoceanography, 19, PA4027, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001022, 2004.
Stickley, C. E., St John, K., Koç, N., Jordan, R. W., Passchier, S., Pearce, R. B., and Kearns, L. E.: Evidence for middle Eocene Arctic sea ice from diatoms and ice-rafted debris, Nature, 460, 376–379, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08163, 2009.
Straume, E. O., Nummelin, A., Gaina, C., and Nisancioglu, K. H.: Climate transition at the Eocene–Oligocene influenced by bathymetric changes to the Atlantic–Arctic oceanic gateways, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 119, e2115346119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115346119, 2022.
Suan, G., Popescu, S.-M., Suc, J.-P., Schnyder, J., Fauquette, S., Baudin, F., Yoon, D., Piepjohn, K., Sobolev, N. N., and Labrousse, L.: Subtropical climate conditions and mangrove growth in Arctic Siberia during the early Eocene, Geology, 45, 539–542, https://doi.org/10.1130/G38547.1, 2017.
Svensen, H., Planke, S., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Jamtveit, B., Myklebust, R., Rasmussen Eidem, T., and Rey, S. S.: Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming, Nature, 429, 542–545, 2004.
Svensen, H., Planke, S., Polozov, A. G., Schmidbauer, N., Corfu, F., Podladchikov, Y. Y., and Jamtveit, B.: Siberian gas venting and the end-Permian environmental crisis, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 277, 490–500, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.11.015, 2009.
Toggweiler, J. and Bjornsson, H.: Drake Passage and palaeoclimate, J. Quaternary Sci., 15, 319–328, 2000.
Torsvik, T. H. and Cocks, L. R. M.: The integration of palaeomagnetism, the geological record and mantle tomography in the location of ancient continents, Geol. Mag., 156, 242–260, 2019.
Tripati, A. and Darby, D.: Evidence for ephemeral middle Eocene to early Oligocene Greenland glacial ice and pan-Arctic sea ice, Nat. Commun., 9, 1038, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03180-5, 2018.
Vickers, M. L., Jelby, M. E., Śliwińska, K. K., Percival, L. M., Wang, F., Sanei, H., Price, G. D., Ullmann, C. V., Grasby, S. E., and Reinhardt, L.: Volcanism and carbon cycle perturbations in the High Arctic during the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 613, 111412, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111412, 2023.
Vigran, J. O., Mangerud, G., Mørk, A., Worsley, D., and Hochuli, P. A.: Palynology and geology of the Triassic succession of Svalbard and the Barents Sea, Norges geologiske undersokelse, Geological Survey of Norway Special Publication, 14, ISBN 978-82-7385-156-7, 2014.
von Appen, W.-J., Schauer, U., Somavilla, R., Bauerfeind, E., and Beszczynska-Möller, A.: Exchange of warming deep waters across Fram Strait, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 103, 86–100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.06.003, 2015.
Weger, R. J., Eberli, G. P., Rodriguez Blanco, L., Tenaglia, M., and Swart, P. K.: Finding a VOICE in the Southern Hemisphere: A new record of global organic carbon?, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 135, 2107–2120, https://doi.org/10.1130/B36405.1, 2022.
Weijers, J. W., Schouten, S., Sluijs, A., Brinkhuis, H., and Damsté, J. S. S.: Warm arctic continents during the Palaeocene–Eocene thermal maximum, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 261, 230–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.06.033, 2007.
West, C. K., Greenwood, D. R., and Basinger, J. F.: Was the Arctic Eocene “rainforest” monsoonal? Estimates of seasonal precipitation from early Eocene megafloras from Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 427, 18–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.036, 2015.
Westerhold, T., Marwan, N., Drury, A. J., Liebrand, D., Agnini, C., Anagnostou, E., Barnet, J. S., Bohaty, S. M., De Vleeschouwer, D., and Florindo, F.: An astronomically dated record of Earth's climate and its predictability over the last 66 million years, Science, 369, 1383–1387, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba6853, 2020.
Wignall, P., Morante, R., and Newton, R.: The Permo-Triassic transition in Spitsbergen: δ13Corg chemostratigraphy, Fe and S geochemistry, facies, fauna and trace fossils, Geol. Mag., 135, 47–62, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756897008121, 1998.
Willard, D. A., Donders, T. H., Reichgelt, T., Greenwood, D. R., Sangiorgi, F., Peterse, F., Nierop, K. G., Frieling, J., Schouten, S., and Sluijs, A.: Arctic vegetation, temperature, and hydrology during Early Eocene transient global warming events, Global Planet. Change, 178, 139–152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.04.012, 2019.
Zachos, J. C., Dickens, G. R., and Zeebe, R. E.: An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics, Nature, 451, 279–283, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06588, 2008.
Zuchuat, V., Sleveland, A. R. N., Twitchett, R. J., Svensen, H. H., Turner, H., Augland, L. E., Jones, M. T., Hammer, Ø., Hauksson, B. T., Haflidason, H., Midtkandal, I., and Planke, S.: A new high-resolution stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental record spanning the End-Permian Mass Extinction and its aftermath in central Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 554, 109732, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109732, 2020.
Short summary
Geologists can decipher the past climates and thus better understand how future climate change may affect the Earth's complex systems. In this paper, we report on a workshop held in Longyearbyen, Svalbard, to better understand how rocks in Svalbard (an Arctic archipelago) can be used to quantify major climatic shifts recorded in the past.
Geologists can decipher the past climates and thus better understand how future climate change...
